Books Set in Tropical Locations

I love to read books set in tropical locations. In the summer, I feel like I am there and in the winter, these books make me forget about the cold. I wanted to put together a list of my favorite books.

books set in tropical locations

Each year, Kirsten and I read a lot of books set in tropical locations. I decided to put all of our favorites in one place because what could be more fun? These books are set everywhere from unnamed islands in the middle of the ocean to Hawaii, Cuba, and St. John. If you are looking for books about going on vacation, you can have a look at the list of my favorites.

The Best Books Set in Tropical Locations

Each colorful block below represents the best book in a subgenre. Click on the arrow to reveal my “best” pick in any category. You’ll also be able to use a page jump to see more books in that section.

Fiction Books Set in a Tropical Location

Castle of Water

Author: Dane Huckelbridge

Year: 2017

Genre: Fiction

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 16+

When Sophie and Barry find themselves on an Island as the sole survivors of a plane crash, they learn to depend on each other.  The book moves seamlessly from the past to the present, weaving an intricate tale.

Plane Crash

This is a wonderful contemporary fiction book about love and survival.  It is so much more than it appears on the surface. I cried during the ending and have been singing it’s praises ever since. Everyone I’ve ever recommended this one too has had the same response.

I loved how the characters developed in this book. It was surprising and moving.

Find this book in: Kirsten’s Favorite Books / Feel-Good Books / Plane Crash Novels / Books Like People We Meet on Vacation / Books Set at the Beach / Books Set in Tropical Locations / Adult Versions of Favorite Childhood Books

winter in paradise

Author: Elin Hilderbrand

Year: 2018

Genre: Fiction

More info: Paradise #1

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 16+

Irene Steele gets the shock of her life when she gets a phone call saying her husband has died in a plane accident while on a business trip. Traveling down to St. John to collect his things, she finds out that he actually has an entire second family.

With her two adult sons along for the journey, she realizes that not only is her world unraveling, but her sons have hidden secrets as well.

Told across multiple points of view, this is Elin at her finest. I loved the unique setting and am looking forward to the other books in the series.

Find this book in: Books Set at the Beach / Books Set in Tropical Locations / Best Winter Books

hula

Author: Jasmin Iolani Hakes

Year: 2023

Genre: Contemporary Fiction

Age Range: 16+

I picked up this book based on the cover and the thoughts of the hula dance competition, but instead of the fun read I was expecting, I got a coming-of-age story about a light-skinned Hawaiian trying to prove she belongs by learning to Hula.

But this Hula isn’t just a dance, it keeps the legends and legacies of the Hawaiian culture alive. Sprinkled throughout this story, while Hi’i is fighting to prove her worth, we see glimpses of her mother and grandmother’s lives and vignettes that explain Hawaii’s history, colonization, and the struggle of native Hawaiians today.

There is so much to uncover in this book, so many layers to absorb. I was entertained while reading it, but more importantly, I learned so much. I’ll be raving about this for years to come!

Find this book in: Thought-provoking Books / Beach Reads 2023 / Best Books 2023 / Best Female BIPOC Author / Best Beach Reads of All Time / Coming-of-age Books for Adults / Books Set in Tropical Locations / Hawaii Novels

Black Cake

Author: Charmaine Wilkerson

Year: 2022

Genre: Fiction

More info: A Read With Jenna Pick for February 2022

Age Range: 16+

I absolutely loved this contemporary fiction which is a story about love, family, and acceptance. It captured me from the first page with the story and the writing.

When Eleanor Bennett dies, she leaves a voice recording for her two children Benny and Byron. She wants to tell them things about her life that she could not say when she was alive.

While listening to their mother’s story, Byron and Benny learn about their mother, family, and themselves. They try to piece their relationship back together. The novel looks at everyone’s lives in the present and the past, but in its essence, it is a book about motherhood.

Parental death

The story, the writing, and the characters all drew me in from the first page. This is such a well-written pick from the Read with Jenna Book Club.

This is such a deep look at each sibling’s relationship with their mother and each other. I could not put it down.

Find this book in: Books About Women in Sports / Books About Mothers / BIPOC Female Authors / Books with Color in the Title / Books with Food in the Title / Books About Sports /Best Read With Jenna Books / Read with Jenna Book Club List 2022

Historical Fiction Books Set in Tropical Locations

The Women

Author: Kristin Hannah

Year: 2024

Genre: Historical Fiction

More info: #1 New York Times Bestseller, #1 bestseller on USA Today, Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times
Narrated by Audie Award Winner Julia Whelan

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range:18+

In this emotional historical fiction, Hannah has transported readers to the frontlines of the Vietnam War. In 1965, after Frankie makes a rash decision to enlist as a war nurse to make her family proud, she finds herself completely unprepared for what awaits her in Vietnam.

Hannah gives us a searing tale of life as a nurse during and after the war, as Frankie learns how to nurse, bonds with her fellow medical staff, and even falls in love during wartime.

The book’s second half explores what it was like to return home to a country divided over whether the war should even be fought. It was shocking to see how people treated returning vets, and how they refused to acknowledge that women were in ‘nam.

Hannah’s portrayal of PTSD had me gasping and feeling deeply for the characters within the story – particularly Frankie. This fast-paced story had my heart thumping throughout. It did get quite heavy at times and I had to have a lighter book on hand for breaks. Once again, Hannah has delivered a five-star book. #gifted by Macmillan Audio

War, PTSD, Alcohol Abuse, grief

The ending had me in tears of happiness, though tears of frustration, anger, and sadness also flowed at various times while I read this book. Even though the book deals with complex family issues and alcoholism, Hannah wrote these into the story seamlessly. It did not feel contrived to add drama to the plotlines.

I love historical fiction and Kirstin Hannah never fails to deliver that. This book felt like her most powerful novel yet. I had an emotional investment in the characters and called Jackie numerous times while I was reading begging her to tell me the ending.

Find this book in: Books That Make You Cry / The Women Book Club Questions / Best Historical Fiction 2024 / Best Books for Book Clubs to Read / The Best Books of 2024 / Books Set in the 1960s

the Golden Hour

Author: Beatriz Williams

Year: 2019

Genre: Historical Fiction

More info: New York Times Bestselling author of The Summer Wives

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 18+

This historical fiction story takes place in the Bahamas during WWII. The Duke and Duchess of Windsor are prominently featured, though the main story revolves around the murder of a man named Harry Oaks, life in Nassau, and the romance between the female lead and her beau.

There is also a bit of a flashback-type story that plays out in parts, too. It’s set in a tropical location, which sets it apart from most historical fiction stories.

It’s a lovely little royal novel that had me flipping pages quickly and kept me entertained by the pool. 

Find this book in: Books Like the Crown / Royal Reads / Books with Colors in the Title / Books Set in Tropical Locations / Royal Historical Fiction

River Sing me home

Author: Eleanor Shearer

Year: 2023

Genre: Historical Fiction

More info: February 2023 Good Morning America Book Club Pick

Age Range: 16+

Before reading this story, I had little concept of what the end of slavery meant in the Caribbean. I knew nothing of the apprenticeships and horrible conditions formerly enslaved people were forced to endure.

And I certainly had no idea of what it would take to reunite a family of formerly enslaved individuals who had been ripped apart when they were sold by their owners.

Rachel’s story changes that. She runs away from the plantation in Barbados to reunite with her family. She sets off on a journey to find her 5 children. What she finds out about each encompasses some of the many ways a formerly enslaved person’s life could turn out.

Slavery, Racism

I don’t think anyone will be able to read this story without shedding a tear and thinking hard about colonialism and the ripple effects it has had on generations. This is another book that is heavier in our ultimate beach reads 2023 post but you will not want to miss reading this pick.

Find this book in: Beach Reads 2023 / Book About Mothers / Books Set in Tropical Locations / GMA Book Club List 2023

the island of sea woman

Author: Lisa See

Year: 2019

Genre: Historical Fiction

More info: New York Times Bestselling Author

Age Range: 16+

This historical fiction tells the story of a friendship between two women on the Korean Island of Jeju. There, women work as a diving collective to provide for their families while men look after the children.  It was interesting to read a story where some gender norms are reversed and others, like feeding women and children last, were still perpetuated.

Beyond the incredible history of this small island is the story of a remarkable friendship between Mi-ja and Young-sook over the decades.

Lisa See has done it again with this remarkable story. I was captivated from the first page, as I am with anything See writes.

Find this book in: Best Books 2019 / Family Saga Books / Friendship Books / Best Beach Reads of all Time / Books Set in Tropical Locations

IMG 9925

Author: Cristina Henríquez

Year: 2024

Genre: Historical Fiction

More info: March 2024 Read with Jenna Book Club Pick

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 16+

Set during the building of the Panama Canal, this story follows several people directly or indirectly affected by the building process. There is Omar, a lonely country boy looking for adventure and connection in the big city whose father is against his decision to work for the evil canal company.

Ada is an immigrant from Barbados who is working in Panama to send money home to her mother and ailing sister whose stories are followed as well. She works for the Oswald family. John Oswald is a white doctor in town to help rid the area of malaria and his wife, Marian, has fallen ill and needs Ada to care for her.

Each of their stories are interwoven over the course of the novel, and readers are also exposed to the social, economical, and environmental impact of the Panama canal on the region.

Racism, Colonization

Epic in scale, I learned so much about the impact of the Panama Canal on the world and the people of Panama during this. I had no idea that the canal’s building process resulted in so many deaths and was not well-received by the people of Panama. I had my eyes open to the effects of colonization while reading this story.

That said, I found the story confusing at times, weaving a few too many threads for me to follow. Still, it was a delight even if I might have missed a few things along the way. #gifted by Penguin Random House

Find this book in: Ultimate List of Historical Fiction / Read with Jenna Book Club List 2024 / Books Set in Tropical Locations

Lies and Weddings

Author: Kevin Kwan

Year: 2024

Genre: Fiction

Age: 16+

According to his mother, Rufus Leung Gresham must marry a wealthy woman to save his family from ruin. The family’s seemingly unlimited funds have been squandered but society is not yet the wiser.

Determined to help her son snag a woman of means, his parents throw his sister an over-the-top Hawaiian wedding. When a volcano erupts at the wedding, and a hot mic exposes a secret affair, everything seems to be going up in flames.

Told from a few perspectives, this story is heavy on the drama but light on the communication. It portrays the majority of aristocrats as extravagant ninnies only concerned with money and their reputation, spending little time on underlying motivations. In short, it’s a fun lark but don’t go in expecting depth.

While not quite up to Crazy Rich Asians’ level of juicy, this story is still filled with all the scheming, sex, and showboating I’ve come to expect from Kevin Kwan. I listened to my copy and found myself thoroughly entertained during household chores.

Find this book in: Books About Weddings / Books Set in Tropical Locations / Hawaii Novels

Next Year in Havana by Chanel Cleeton - A Reese Witherspoon Book Club Pick! #reesewitherspoonbookclub #nextyearinhavana

Author: Chanel Cleeton

Year: 2018

Genre: Historical Fiction

More info: July 2018 Reese Witherspoon Book Club Pick
The Cuba Saga #1

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 16+

I picked up Next Year in Havana after Reese Witherspoon recommended it in July – I wasn’t disappointed! This historical fiction tale is about a young Cuban American woman, Marisol, who visits Cuba for the first time.

She’s arrived to spread her grandmother’s ashes but what Marisol thought would be a simple quest turns her world upside down as she uncovers secrets from her grandmother’s past.

Cuba becomes a character in this novel and it’s truly spectacular. I was so sad when my time with Perez Family ended, but I’m delighted that Chanel Cleeton decided to return to the family.

Find this book in: Best Books of 2018 / Best Beach Reads Ever / Chanel Cleeton Books / Best Beach Reads / Best Reese Witherspoon Books / Reese Witherspoon Book Club List 2018

Thriller Books set in Tropical Locations

one Perfect Couple

Author: Ruth Ware

Year: 2024

Genre: Thriller

Age Range: 18+

This is an isolation thriller from one of the best there is. Five couples participating in a game shoe are trapped together on an island when a storm comes in. They are cut off from everyone without phones but that is the least of their worries.

Without power, their food and water supply dwindles quickly, the radio has a very limited battery supply, people are sick and injured, and one of them may be a murderer/ serial killer

This is a page-turning thriller with unexpected twists and turns I did not see coming. This is a perfect beach read- it will keep you on your toes.

Find this book in: Fictional Books About Serial Killers / Best Beach Reads of 2024 / Books Set at a Hotel / Isolation Books / Best Thrillers 2024 / Epistolary Novels

download

Author: Emma Rosenblum

Year: 2024

Genre: Thriller

Spice Rating:💋💋

Age Range: 16+

Aurora, a startup on the brink of sale, is hosting it’s annual executive retreat – a glorified party dressed up as work. From clubbing to paragliding, yachting to inappropriate relationships, it’s a wonder these execs had a chance to sign the merger papers.

And in the middle of it all, one of the top executives winds up dead – possibly murdered – and they all need to keep it hush hush for the sale to go through. Narrated from the employees’ perspectives, it was a riot to figure out motives and gain access to each one’s innermost thoughts.

The crazy cast of characters and their INSANE antics might be too much for some readers, but I loved to hate each and every one of them. The over-the-top work retreat, toxic culture, and every-man-for-himself

Find this book in: Beach Reads 2024 / Books Set in Tropical Locations / Books About Women in STEM

saint

Author: Alexis Schaitkin

Year: 2020

Genre: Thriller

More info:New York Times Notable Book of 2020

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 16+

⁣I wasn’t sure what to expect from Saint X. I think I was suspecting a thriller or a mystery because the story opens with an 18-year-old girl who dies on her tropical vacation with her family. Her then-7-year-old sister, Claire, is our narrator. Now in her 20s, after a chance meeting with someone connected to the case, Claire is trying to figure out exactly what happened all those years ago.⁣

The story is also peppered with accounts from a few other key people in the case. Each one of these players is a different narrator which just made the entire production feel real. ⁣But it doesn’t quite fit into one genre. It’s also a book about the relationship between sisters, even those separated for years.

Don’t you feel that some books are just meant to be listened to and not read?⁣ That’s how I felt about Daisy Jones & The Six, The Magic Strings of Frankie Presto, Echo, and now Saint X. Each of these full-cast audiobooks brings the novel to life. The other thing I love about this story is the subtle commentary on race and class woven throughout.

This is a well-written book that is as much a mystery as it is a thriller. I did not anticipate what would happen in this book and I love that in a story. The audiobook is a fantastic listen!

Find this book in: Books Like People We Meet on Vacation / About Sisters and Bonds of Sisterhood / Full Cast Audiobooks / Books Set in Tropical Locations / The Best Audiobooks of All Time

Reckless Girl

Author: Rachel Hawkins

Year: 2022

Genre: Thriller

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 16+

This is the Ultimate Beach Read Thriller! It’s all about 2 girls who hire a couple to charter them a boat to a deserted island. But the island isn’t so deserted after all. As their relaxing trip turns deadly, we learn about the backstory that brought each person to their destination.

It’s a wonderfully addicting novel that is great in audiobook format as well. I found the setting to be so unique and integral to the party.

Find this book in: Books like People We Meet on Vacation / Books set at the Beach / Isolation Novels / Ultimate Beach Reads 2023 / Boat Books

the resort

Author: Sara Ochs

Year: 2014

Genre: Thriller

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 16+

Set on a secluded resort island in Thailand, the story is told by Cass, an ex-pat who is outrunning her former life, and Brooke, a travel influencer who isn’t quite what she seems.

When Cass discovers the body of a murdered resort guest while teaching her scuba diving class, their sleepy resort is thrown into chaos. Cass and her fellow ex-pats, known as The Permanents, will do anything to avoid media exposure, but as bodies pile up, Cass and Brooke begin to explore what dark secrets lie at the heart of the island.

This novel was a thrill ride from the opening murder scene. I was left completely unprepared for the conclusion and the final chapter had me gasping out loud! I can’t imagine a more fun tropical thriller.

Find this book in: Hotel Novels / Full Cast Audiobooks / Best New Thriller Books/ Fictional Books About Influencers / Books Set in Tropical Locations

Close Your Eyes and Count to 10

Author: Lisa Unger

Year: 2025

Genre: Thriller

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range:

Maverick Dillan is a daredevil and extreme adventurer who plays ultimate games with epic prizes. Adele is a single mother who is struggling for money after her husband embezzled money from his company and disappeared. When she is invited to Falcao Island for a chance to win big prize money, she plans to go, play, win, and return to her kids.

When a huge storm comes in, the social media stunt turns deadly, and Adele is in a struggle for her survival if she wants to return home to her kids.

I thought the premise of this book was really fun. I loved that the entire game was posted on social media. I also loved that video games and online friendships played a role in this non-stop thriller. I listened to this book and it fept me on my toes. #gifted

Find this book in: Novels about Weather / Isolation Books / Fictional Books About Influencers / Books Set in Tropical Locations

The fury

Author: Alex Michaelides

Year: 2024

Genre: Thriller

More info: Instant New York Times Bestseller

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 16+

While you know within the first chapter that a murder has been committed, the book’s first half is a slow-paced development of the characters, the relationships, and their motives for being the murderer or the victim.

By 60%, the pacing changes into a non-stop action plot with twists and turns around every corner. It reached a furious crescendo that I did not see coming, but Alex’s books tend to do that to me!

I loved the settings – mostly gorgeous Greece, sometimes rainy London. I loved the characters (and by loved I mean loved to hate them all.) The book is in journal format and has stellar storytelling. #gifted by Celadon Books

The audiobook narrator’s reading of this book breathed life into this already fast-paced book. I adored that the book is written like a journal, it makes the story that much better because you are never sure how much to believe!

Find this book in: Isolation Books / Novels About Weather / Epistolary Novels / Books Set in Tropical Locations

We Were Never Here 1 1

Author: Andrea Bartz

Year: 2021

Genre: Thriller

More info: August 2021 Reese Witherspoon Book Club Pick

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 16+

A thriller that had me on the edge of my seat! Two best friends, Emily and Kristen, commit an accidental murder on vacation in Cambodia when they try to stop Emily from being sexually assaulted.

But the following year in Chile, it happens again. As Emily begins to suspect something is off with her best friend, she starts trying to distance herself from Kristen. But Kristen wants to keep Emily close.

With a narrator that is unreliable, because she can’t seem to trust her own instincts or memory, the twists and turns keep coming with this thriller.

Sexual assault

If vacation books are your thing, this thriller from books like People We Meet on Vacation is such a great pick. And, it is perfect for books with unreliable narrators.

Find this book in: Books Like People We Meet on Vacation / Reese Witherspoon Book Club List 2021 / Books Set in Tropical Locations

Romance Books Set in a Tropical Location

The Paradise Problem

Author: Christina Lauren

Year: 2024

Genre: Romance

More info: New York Times Bestseller

Spice Rating:💋💋💋💋

Age Range: 18+

It’s a fake dating romance from the queens of romance themselves, Christina Lauren! Anna thought that she had divorced West after they graduated from UCLA. Now, three years later, West needs to contact his not-so-ex-wife and convince her to pretend they are still happily married. Why? To receive a huge inheritance of course!

Anna, desperate for the money to pay for her dad’s medical bills, agrees to jet off to a tropical paradise to spend a week with West’s toxic family at his sister’s week-long wedding celebration. The over-the-top shenanigans reminded me of Crazy Rich Asians in the best way!

Emotional Abuse

I was cheering Anna on as she took on West’s snooty family with her pink hair and bohemian spirit. The chemistry between them was crackling, but it was how they looked after each other that made my heart swoon.

Find this book in: Wedding Novels / Beach Reads 2024 / Romance Seaside Books / Billionaire Romance Books / Family Inheritance Novels

The Suite Life

Author: Melanie Summers

Year: 2019

Genre: Romance

More info: Paradise Bay #3

Spice Rating:💋💋💋

Age Range: 18+

Paradise Bay concierge Bree is not looking for love after her child’s father up and left her, but she is looking for some extra cash. She converts her shed into a rental unit and lets it out to her annoying co-worker, Leo. I smell an enemies-to-lovers trope!

Bree and Leo’s love story is adorable. It’s once again set at the fabulous Paradise Bay and as usual Melanie’s humor had me giggling throughout.

The antics at Paradise Bay remind me of the shenanigans of The White Lotus, so if you loved that tv series, you will love this book series (although isn’t not dark, just romantic, funny, and full of drama!)

float plan

Author: Trish Doller

Year: 2021

Genre: Romance

More info: Good Morning America Must-Readd

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 18+

Anna is heartbroken after the loss of her fiance and decides that she is going to embark on the sailing trip she was supposed to take with him- solo. After a disastrous night, she realizes that she cannot do it on her own and hires a professional sailer to help her. Keane is struggling with his life path as well. Together on the boat these two learn that they can move forward without forgetting their past.

Suicide

This forced proximity romance follows the romance script with perfect predictability which means that it is perfect if you are looking for a romance. Even though there are some heavier elements, I didn’t feel that the book ventured too much from the typical romance path. I enjoyed it.

Find this book in: Forced Proximity Trope Romance Books / Best Boat Books and Sailing Novels

The Love Haters

Author: Katherine Center

Year: 2025

Genre: Romance

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 16+

Katie Vaughn is a video producer about to lose her job. So she decides to take a job profiling a Coast Guard rescue swimmer named Hutch. The only problem is that Katie cannot swim- nothing she can’t fake, right? Next thing she knows, she is dealing with helicopter flights, conga lines, a rescue Great Dane, and Hutch’s Aunt Rue. She’s also facing her body issues head-on and helping Hutch reconnect with her boss, and his brother, Cole.

Body Disorder

I love the crazy antics of this book, the setting of the Florida Keys, and the quest for Katie to come into her own. Hutch is pretty dreamy, too. But my favorite part was Katie learning to accept and LOVE her body after the shameful way she had been body shamed in the past. #Gifted by Macmillan

Find this book in: Best Beach Reads 2025 / Novels About Weather

Fantasy and Sci-fi Books Set in a Tropical Location

The Sirens

Author: Emilia Hart

Year: 2025

Genre: Fantasy

More info: April 2025 Good Morning America Book Club Pick

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range:16+

The story is told in three timelines. In 2019, Lucy wakes up from a dream to find she is strangling her ex-lover. When she flees to her older sister’s house on the coast of Australia, her sister, Jess, is missing. As she wonders if her sister is in danger and where she could have gone without her phone, she starts to hear rumors of strange things happening in the little town.

In 1999, Jess is a 16-year-old who had been diagnosed with a rare allergy to water. She is struggling to find her place and to express herself through her art.

In 1800, Twin sisters Mary and Eliza were forced onto a convict ship headed to Australia. They were told to stay away from the water after their mother drowned. On the horrible boat journey, they begin to feel a call to the water.

Inappropriate student/ teacher relationship

Hart has a way of writing intricate relationships that feel authentic and alive. The multiple timelines never felt confusing and added to the need to turn the page. There is just enough fantasy to appeal to fantasy lovers, but not too much to scare away those who are not usually pulled to the genre. #gifted

Find this book in: Popular Nonlinear Narrative Novels / Best Beach Reads 2025 / Books Set in Tropical Locations

catching fire

Author: Suzanne Collins

Year: 2009

Genre: YA Dystopian

More info: The Hunger Games #2

Spice Rating:💋

Age Range: 12+

Katniss and Peeta have won the Hunger Games and are supposed to be able to live out their lives in Victor’s Village, but the Capitol wants revenge. There is a rumor of a rebellion, and the only way for the Capitol to squash the growing displeasure is with a quarter quell.

Child Death

The second story in this series ups the ante! I particularly love the tropical setting of the Hunger Games arena!

Find this book in: Books Like the Hunger Games / Books Set in Tropical Locations

BTB Elements and icons 10

If you are trying to pick a book set in a tropical location, and need some help choosing, consider the following:

  • Pick your favorite genre and read a book from that section
  • Have a look at where the books are set and choose a book that appeals to you
  • Read the description and see if the plot appeals to you

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the best books set in tropical locations?

There are so many amazing books on this list, but after careful consideration, Kirsten and I narrowed it down to the top three books set in tropical locations.
1. Castle of Water by Dane Huckelbridge
2. The Women by Kristin Hannah
3. Paradise Problem by Christina Lauren

Epilogue

What are your favorite books set in a tropical location? If there are any I am missing, let me know so I can add them to my TBR.

Leave a Reply

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.